Design solutions involve developing creative and effective ways to address specific problems or challenges. This may include brainstorming, prototyping, and testing various ideas to find the best solution that meets the needs of the user or client. It also involves considering aesthetics, functionality, and feasibility in order to create a final product or service that is both visually appealing and practical. Successful design solutions often result from a combination of innovation, collaboration, and iteration.

Value engineering, also known as value analysis, is a structured approach to improving the value of a product or process by examining its functions and components with the
goal of reducing costs without sacrificing performance or quality. This process involves exploring alternative materials, design features, and production methods to optimize
the balance between cost and quality. By focusing on maximizing the value of the end product or process, value engineering can help organizations achieve cost savings,
improve efficiency, and enhance overall competitiveness in the market.

Material procurement in supply chain management is essential for sourcing, buying, and acquiring necessary goods and services. Effective strategies include identifying trustworthy suppliers, negotiating contracts, maintaining quality standards, and managing inventory to lower costs and meet organizational needs. This process is crucial for enhancing operations, cutting expenses, and ensuring a seamless flow of materials within the supply chain.

After sales service refers to the support and assistance provided to customers after they have purchased a product or service. This can include services such as maintenance, repairs, warranties, and technical support.